Today, I have the privilege of presenting a great in-depth article by Polish submachine gun expert Leszek Erenfeicht. The gun he is discussing is the Beha, a submachine gun developed under very difficult conditions by the Polish resistance (primarily one man named Henryk Strąpoć) during World War II.
The Beha shows a number of surprisingly modern features, and actually reminds us of the Gustloffwerke VG1-5 carbine without the delaying mechanism. So, without further ado I will turn things over to Leszek (please note that this is a lengthy article – click the “read more” link at the bottom of the post to read the full test and see the accompanying photos):
The (Bechowiec): Poland’s Forgotten Submachine Gun
by Leszek Erenfeicht
Henryk Strąpoć (pronounce: ‘Strompoch’) of Czerwona Gora-Podlesie in Kielce region of southern Poland, was a village blacksmith’s younger son and a talented mechanic designer in his own, with a flair for amateur gunsmithing. At the ripe age of 15, in 1937, he made his first, entirely hand-made semiautomatic pistol patterned after his uncle’s cheap Spanish .25. He proudly demonstrated it to his classmates in a ravine behind the village, but got caught red-handed in the process by the school headmaster. He very nearly ended up in jail for illegal gun manufacturing and possession, but his early age proved his defense – as a juvenile and first-offender, he was only chastised and ordered to report at the local police station once every week for a year’s duration. Despite this early setback, and his solemn promises not to stray again from the straight and narrow, he made three more pistols and a revolver before the war started.
Henryk Strąpoć. This village blacksmith invented a closed-bolt hammer-fired SMG a quarter of a century earlier than HK MP 5 – out of sheer ignorance…
In 1939 Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany and then, a little over a fortnight later, stabbed in the back by the Soviet Union. Fighting on both fronts, she was eventually defeated, despite gallant defense. Hopes for a military action on the West, spurred by Britain’s and France’s declaration of war against Germany on September 3, were forlorn. Other than declarations, no tactile help was provided. Occupied country was divided, with ‘Uncle Joe’ Stalin taking up 54% of the pre-war territory – more than Hitler did!
Almost overnight various factions started to organize military underground resistance structures. The political spectrum of the Polish underground was as colorful and varied as was the pre-war society. Every party and a faction had it’s own underground military branch, running the gamut from socialists on the left wing up until crypto-fascist nationalists on the far right one; only the Communists kept out of it, obeying their orders from Moscow. Strąpoć joined the conservative Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe (PSL, Polish Peasant Party) underground forces, called the “Peasant Battalions” (Bataliony Chłopskie – BCh, or phonetically misspelled: BH, hence the later name of his submachine gun). He was at long last going to do what he loved: gunsmithing for the local guerilla force.
After two years of re-vamping the small arms dug out from sites, when surrendering Polish Army units cashed their weapons for further fight, by the fall of 1942 he commenced work on the submachine gun of his own design.
One class of arms that his and most other outfits most sorely missed were submachine guns. Pre-war Polish Army only experimented with submachine guns, which by then proved to be very useful guerrilla weapons. At that stage the SOE did not started their weapon air-drops program yet, and the front, where first-line units abounded in SMGs was far, far away, out in the East, at the feet of Caucasus, where German offensive targeted their own version of “a bridge too far” – at the city of Stalingrad. The only source of SMG at that time were German police units, armed with antique guns, like MP 18,I – sometimes even complete with their snail-drums, as evidenced by some photos – or to ‘roll your own’. Disarming German police units resulted in bloody punitive raids against suspected villages, and besides – only one in 10 policemen or MPs had the bloody thing. Having an SMG at your disposal was a great prestige between the guerrillas, and his outfit was going to have one, come hell or high water. Several ambushes against German police units produced no demanded result: several rifles and pistols were captured, but no SMG, and in reprisal several villages were burned. Then Strąpoć proposed to better use the other alternative, and decided to design and built an SMG of his own. He set up a workshop in his brother Edward’s forge. The only tools he got there for the job were those he was able to find in a village smithy: a hacksaw, hand-cranked drill and lathe, set of screw-taps and die-nuts, a handful of files and a couple of drifters.
Submachine guns were novel firearms then, and starting his work in the deep hinterland, Mr. Strąpoć have only had a general idea on how the actual SMG works. Despite this, by spring of 1943 the weapon was ready for testing and worked remarkably well from the first shot on. Jan Swat (nom-de-guerre ‘Orzeł’), a draftsman from the former Zakłady Ostrowieckie (ZO) metalworks in nearby Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski, then renamed the ‘Hermann-Goering-Werke’, prepared a set of drawings for all component parts of the gun. His other friends, sworn-in guerrilla soldiers from the ZO works, started to turn out parts for the weapon in secrecy. Strąpoć was tasked with finishing, fitting and assembling of submachine guns. The misspelled name ‘BH’ struck to their sides was a matter of available letter punches, and not a testimony to the incomplete education – his brother’s set of punches simply lacked the letter ‘C’.
Preparations for assembling the first batch took a full year to complete. Parts manufacture begun by October 1943, with the first finished components delivered in late November. First complete ‘series-production’ submachine gun was test-fired and handed over to the partisans in the first days of 1944. Of the 11 weapons finished before the Red Army arrived in July of 1944, only one has been preserved in Warsaw’s Polish Army Museum.
Main Characteristics
Most of the dozen BHs manufactured (1 prototype and 11 of the first batch) were chambered for the 9 mm x 19 Luger, though the two or three last ones were chambered for the Soviet 7.62 mm x 25 Tokarev ammunition. As the barrels were recycled from old rifles, it was way much easier to find a ready .30 caliber barrel for the Soviet round than having to re-drill and re-rifle these to fit the German round.
Though the BH was but a blowback submachine gun, the design incorporated many novel and unusual features – more out of innocent ignorance, because Strąpoć simply didn’t know that nobody used these in the real SMGs, than in the pursuit of the novel designing trends. The bolt is more of a slide, telescoping the barrel, the latter guiding the return spring in turn – just like in a pocket semiautomatic pistols. The firing mechanism incorporates a hammer, and the weapon fires from the closed breech position. There is a three-settings safety / fire selector lever on the left side of the receiver. In the fully automatic (FA) mode of fire, the automatic sear trips the sear for each shot, thus preventing the premature firing of the round. The trigger bar is acting as a disconnector in semiautomatic (SA) firing mode. There is no hold-open device. The extractor claw is of spring-loaded rotary variation, also common for the European pocket automatics of the early 20th Century. Projection of the automatic sear serves as an ejector.
The weapon is fed from the 30-32 round staggered-row box magazine. The empty magazine is 0.31 kg (.68 lbs) heavy, the loaded one weighted in at 0.7 kg (1.54 lbs). The sights are of open iron type, with a rigid, pistol-type V-notch and front blade, roughly set for 50 m (ca. 55 yards), with the sighting radius of 385 mm (15.15 in). Bolt, incorporated into the slide reciprocating on top of the frame / receiver, again in a pocket-automatic fashion, can be retracted by hand or by pulling on the front portion of the sling, attached to the underside of the slide’s front rounded portion. The weapon is 445 mm (17.52 in) long overall, there is no stock of any type, nor a provision for one. The empty weapon weights 2.43 kg (5.35 lbs), the loaded one – 2.82 kg (6.21 lbs).
Design Features
The BH sub machinegun consisted of six main groups and assemblies: a slide assembly, a frame assembly with rigidly installed (screwed-in) barrel, a trigger group, a hammer group, a magazine and a return spring.
The slide assembly includes front spring cap / barrel bushing, slide, and the breechblock, complete with spring-loaded firing pin and extractor claw, secured inside the slide by means of two screws.
The spring cap is secured by two screws, one on either side of the muzzle. There is a large ejection opening on the upper right side of the slide. The front sling swivel is brass soldered to the lower part of the front, cylindrical portion of the slide. The complete bolt assembly weights in at 0.685 kg (1.51 lbs).
The frame assembly consists of the frame, barrel screwed into the frame projection, magazine catch assembly, two slide rails bolted to the rear part of the frame and a wooden pistol grip fitted with the rear sling swivel. The whole assembly weights 1.39 kg (3.06 lbs). The barrel is 240 mm (9.45 in) long, with 6 grooves, right hand twist rifling, one turn in 224 mm (8.82 in).
The trigger group incorporates an ingenious and intricate duplicated firing mechanism for the two firing modes, consisting of a single trigger blade with two trigger bars, sear with two linking levers, automatic sear for fully automatic fire and a fire selector-cum-safety lever. The automatic sear prevents the premature firing of the round and carries the ejector.
The hammer group consists of a hammer with it’s spindle and the hammer plunger containing concentric, doubled hammer spring.
The magazine is of staggered row double-position type, and consists of a milled body with a catch lug, soldered to the front, a follower, a bottom lid with a snap-catch, and an ingenious staggered-coil follower spring.
The return spring is of helical variety, 20 mm (.79 in) in external diameter, and has 32 coils made of 1.2 mm (.047 in) wire.
Field Stripping and Reassembly
To field-strip the BH one has to:
1. unload and clear the weapon;
2. unscrew the front cap retaining screws, remove the cap and spring;
3. retract the slide, unscrew the barrel and withdraw it from the slide;
4. loosen four frame-rail retaining screws, thus enabling the slide to be slid up, off the frame.
Further stripping is neither needed nor recommended. To reassembly, repeat in reverse order.
Action of the Mechanisms
The weapon is ready to fire in a semiautomatic mode with the full magazine (31) in place, bolt (7) fully home on a chambered round, hammer (26) cocked, automatic sear (24) lowered, fire selector (16) set to the semiautomatic notch. Upon squeezing the trigger (18), the main trigger bar (19) rotates the upper sear link (21) and disconnects with it in it’s foremost position. The upper sear link pulls the lower sear link (22), which in turn rotates the sear (23), freeing the hammer (26) to fall. Hammer, propelled by the mainspring acting via plunger (27), strikes the inertia firing pin (9) which in turn strikes the firing cap of the chambered round, thus igniting the cartridge. The expanding gases blow the bolt backwards. Bolt extracts the spent case from the chamber by means of the extractor claw, while cocking the hammer. The case is then being ejected through the opening in the slide, upon hitting the ejector (28), forming part of the automatic sear (24). During the return stroke, the bolt strips the next round from the magazine (31) lips, feeds and then chambers it. The returning trigger makes the trigger bar (18) snap in place and contact the upper sear link. Upon pulling the trigger again, the cycle is being repeated until rounds are fed from the magazine.
In the fully automatic mode the cycle is mostly the same. It starts with the same parts disposition, except for the fire selector being set to the full automatic notch. Trigger sets the hammer in motion by lieu of a semiautomatic trigger bar and both sear links, just like in the semiautomatic mode, but at the same time the secondary, external fully automatic trigger bar (20) raises the automatic sear (24). Upon the shot, the slide on finishing it’s return stroke, rotates the automatic sear, which in turn pushes back the sear, thus triggering the next shot. The cycle repeats itself as long as the rounds are fed and trigger is held back.
The Technology Issue
To manufacture such a complicated device with the primitive tools at hand was a serious technological challenge, making the production difficult and time-consuming. It would take several months for one man to make the whole set of parts for one gun – at this rate it was unacceptable, and thus the manufacturing of the parts was delegated to the Zakłady Ostrowieckie employees. They were responsible for production of the slides, bolts, frame groups, trigger and hammer mechanisms, magazines and barrels pre-fabrication. The latter were made out of rifle barrels from the scrapped WW1 worn-out rifles, found by accident in the far corner of the metal works scrap-heap. These were then supplied to Strąpoć in 480 mm (18.9 in) long sections, with external threads cut to either end. Strąpoć was boring these out to cal. 9 mm internal diameter, from the original 7,62 (Mosin), 8 (Mannlicher) or 7,92 mm (Mauser), then rifled them with the use of ram-drifters. This was a very difficult operation, because it called for accuracy, which was in a very short supply indeed with the tools at hand. Many barrel blanks were wasted in the process. Upon rifling the barrel blanks, chambers were being drilled on either end of the barrel, and then the barrel was hack-sawed in halves to make two submachine guns barrels.
The ZO people manufactured the semi-finished slides out of 26 mm (1.02 in) diameter steel tubing, cut down to 405 mm (15.94 in) length. Then the tube was cut longitudinally for a half of a future slide, the sides were unfolded and hammer-straightened to become vertical sides of the slide. Strąpoć then made the ejection openings and screw holes, soldered-in the end-parts of the slides, complete with the bolt attaching lugs, and riveted the slide rails in place. The frame group components were then brass-soldered or riveted together.
Design Analysis
The BH submachine gun is by all means an original weapon. It was – as far as it is known – probably the first submachine gun ever to fire from the closed breech with the swinging hammer-type trigger mechanism. Only the US Reising and Swiss Furrer MP 41 submachine guns were firing from a closed bolt before it, but both were striker-fired. The bolt is of the external slide variety, straddling the frame, much like in the automatic pistols, a design feature to be re-born in Polish PM 63 machine pistol of the late 1950s. At the same time the hammer-fired submachine guns were also re-discovered, in the form of the German HK MP 5 (then still known as the MP 64) and the Czech Skorpion vz.61.
The setup of the weapon is readily inspired by the MP 38/MP 40 series with their separate pistol grips, folding stocks and vertical magazines. The vague knowledge of the actual principles on which a weapon like that operates, caused Strąpoć to built a very complicated hammer mechanism instead of some kind of ‘keep-it-simple-stupid’ slam-fire one. Several parts are bearing some resemblance to various weapons, mostly the pocket automatics of the early 20th Century. The hammer plunger assembly is similar to that found in .25 ACP automatics, like Walther Mod.8 or Belgian F. Delu, while the disconnecting action is similar to that of the Hungarian 7.65 mm M1901 Frommer pistol. The trigger mechanism as a whole, however, is a very unusual one for a submachine gun in those days – and it is very doubtful for the village blacksmith to ever have an opportunity to study most of the designs listed above in detail.
The positioning of the ejector (a projection on the automatic sear) is believed to be governed by the lack of space behind the magazine well – but no other gun has an ejector arrangement like that. The ability to cock the weapon by means of the sling is also an original idea, since then only once recalled, in the Austrian Steyr MPi 69, a quarter of a century later.
The hammer firing mechanism, then a rarity, nowadays is a standard for all high-tech submachine guns, such as the ubiquitous Heckler & Koch MP 5, also designed a quarter of a century later. With such advanced design features, one can surely say, that this out-back, middle-of-nowhere country blacksmith had preceded the professional submachine gun designers by at least that – a quarter of a century!
Tabulated Technical Data:
Weapon designation: BH or Bechowiec (pronounce: bekhoviets)
Country of origin: Poland
Caliber: 9 mm / 7.62 mm
Cartridge: 9 mm x19 Luger / 7.62 mm x25 Tokarev
Type of operation: blowback
Type of fire: selective, full automatic and single shots
Cyclic rate of fire: 650-700 rpm (calculated for 9 mm x 19 version, unascertainable due to deactivated condition of the only surviving weapon)
Length, o/a: 445 mm (17.51 in)
Barrel length: 240 mm (9.44 in)
Weight, unloaded: 2.43 kg (5.35 lbs)
Weight, loaded: 2.82 kg (6.21 lbs)
Type of feed mechanism: magazine, staggering row, two-position-feed, soldered box, straight
Magazine capacity: 32 rounds
Weight of a loaded magazine: 0.7 kg (1.54 lbs)
Number of lands and grooves: 6
Rifling twist direction: right hand twist
Approx. muzzle velocity (calculated for 9 mm x 19): 365 mps (1200 fps)
Sight, front: blade
Sight, rear: open “U” notch, set for 50 m.
You can see more photos of the Beha here (and you can download them all as a high-res archive by clicking here):
[nggallery id=150]
Just for clarification, which may be necessary in the universe, where Debbie Schussel’s lives. The term “crypto-fascist nationalists” should be perceived as simplification, because these groups were in fact radically nationalist and authoritarian, but generally far from fascism; they were probably closest to Salazar’s model. There was only one, marginal group, that can be labeled as somewhat “totalitarian” (suprisingly or not, this group after the war turned to collaborators of communist regime). Of course even this group was virulently anti-Nazi and anti-German, their militants even raided the Eastern Prussia in 1943.
Despite what have been written by the some scholars of fascism and right wing authoritarianism and generally undemocratic conservative regimes (like Stanley Payne, Juan Linz or Roger Griffen, just to name a few) Salazar’s regime became indeed fascist by the mid 30s for all practical purposes, with a complete range of traits typical of fascist regimes of its era, from cultural hegemony built upon the construction of a palingenetic ultranationalism, a utter desire to ‘regenerate’ the nation from scratch, down to the existence of a single party, a para-military militia patterned after the Italian MVSN (the so-called Legião Portuguesa, Portuguese Legion) independent from the army, extensive secret police and censorship apparatus, contempt(besides from militant anti-Communism) for all sorts of democratic organization, encompassing democratic socialism, modern capitalism and free market and liberalism, not to mention rampant cronyism and corruption made possible by the fact that the country was run by a small clique of close friends and associates. Regarding economics, from 1933 onwards the Portuguese regime also pursued a policy of strict regulation of the economy through corporatist planning in which the legal forms of private ownership of industry were nominally preserved, but both workers and capitalists were forced to submit all plans and objectives to state regulation, which also imposed strict wage and price controls, to ensure the political leadership’s objectives of the leadership were always safeguarded over the private economic interests of citizens (markets were allowed to operate in a non-competitive, cartelized, and ultimately “rigged” way).
The only thing that differentiated the Portuguese regime from its European ‘cousins’ was the apparent absence of the typically fascist inclination towards a cocky, aggressive foreign policy (this can be explained by the fact that Portugal lacked the military strenght to act likewise and the sole claims it had where against Spain – the province of Olivenza, taken by the Spaniards in the Napoleonic era; besides, the overseas empire, inherited from the ‘corrupt liberal’ republic and parlamentary monarchy regimes that preceded Salazar’s Estado Novo, was more than enough to fill the nationalist pride of the regime).
Well, there was main, crucial difference: lack of mobilization of the masses and the mass party in Portugal (except the youth movement). The masses were in fact intentionally depoliticized. Let’s remember, that the “real” fascist party, the Movimento Nacional-Sindicalista, was banned in 1934, and it’s former members made in September 1935 an attempt to overthrow Salazar. After all, Salazarism completely lacked the revolutionary momentum (social, industrial), fundamental for fascism. This political system was medieval, the fascisms, contrariwise, were modernistic. I agree that the external forms were comparable, as well as the tools used, but the characters of phenomena were in spite of that dissimilar.
Anyway, I think that we should end this off-topic discussion, though I’ll be of course pleased to read your reply.
Most of the men that followed Rolão Preto before Salazar disbanded the National-Sindicalist movement were in fact absorbed by União Nacional, the one and only legal party from 1935 onwards. A sizeable number of them were actually quite happy to do so (many preferred to join Salazar’s União Nacional rather than following their leader into exile)… From the mid-1930s till circa 1944, some influent members of Salazar’s inner circle tried to increase mass mobilization by copying what was done in other countries, namely through the SPN (Secretariado de Propaganda Nacional), via a coordinated cultural policy that permeated all sorts of cultural production from cinema to folk dance, but such moves worked best in urban areas of course. By looking at pictures and footage of rallies in Lisbon and Oporto involving large numbers of uniformed people and civilians alike, it seems the scheme worked in the few years between the creation of the local Fascist-like militia, the big exhibition held in Lisbon in 1940 and the end of WWII.
I agree that Salazarism lacked some social traits of other regimes that are considered essential by some authors for a proper association with fascism, but those differences betray much more the nature of Portugal as a peripheral country in Western Europe, a backwater economy, with a thin and underdeveloped industrial sector and largely dependent on agriculture (a large percentage of which was remained on a purely subsistence level).
Thanks for the lively discussion, even if off-topic!
The article is excellent and I would like to express my gratitude to Leszek Erenfeicht and Forgotten Weapons for publishing the text and the great set of photos of the sole remaining “Beha” SMG. I first read about it (and saw pictures too) in a Polish book on weapons built and used by the Polish resistance. I don’t have it at hand right now.
What a lightweight submachine gun!
Thank you, Jasta, for this interesting information. Do you know what happened to Strapoc after the war?
Unfortunately, almost nothing is known, even his date of death. Most probably his later life was completely ordinary, without repressions nor honors. One thing that is sure: he had nothing to do with firearms designing. So, his talent has been overlooked. On the other hand, in the communist realm, where nobody was interested in indigenous weapons up to late 50’s, it was really better not to be known as a man who can create the SMG ex nihilo…
Thank you, Jasta. We can at least remember this Polish patriot’s name now, even if we know nothing more about him, thanks to you, Leszek and,of course, Ian.
Excellent article, Ian. Many thanks to Leszek Erenfeicht for the clearly written text and the amazing quality of the photographs. Even the political discussion in the comments has been polite and informative!
Very interesting article, the reason I keep coming back to this site. How effective was the SMG during resistance operations and was it superceded by the subsequent weapon air-drops? What became of Henryk Strąpoć, did he survive the war?
This was a great article and one of the many reasons that I visit this site every day. Thanks
Great article and a very interesting and rare weapon. I would have liked to hear more about their actual use and history though. Were they ever fired in anger? What happened to the other guns? What about the inventor? It bears quite a resemblance, in certain aspects, to several sets of plans for “homemade” submachineguns that I’ve come across though obviously this is a case of designing a device for the same role.
Kinda blows away any ideas that gun control works. If this gun could be made under occupation with death as a penalty for getting caught yet still it got made.
Sure does, doesn’t it?
I just love things like this.
I find improvised firearms fascinating, because they force the creators of the guns to find creative solutions around problems that major gun manufacturers wouldn’t encounter. Problems such as making precision components with primitive tools, or managing to keep a small manufacturing operation hidden from the outside world.
I also think it’s very neat to see how someone with a limited knowledge of this type of firearms managed to design a very unorthodox, but functional design, simply because he know how to do it “properly”. Equally, I find firearms that have been designed to be as simple and cheap as possible interesting. Firearms like the Volksstrum guns, STEN-type guns, and the liberator.
Ok, I just found the book mentioned above(hidden below a pile of magazines): “Produkcja uzbrojenia w polskim ruchu oporu 1939-1944”, by Kazimierz Satora (Warsaw, M.O.N., 1985). I did a quick on-line search and found what must an improved version of that book, by the same author: “Podziemne zbrojownie polskie 1939-1944”, Warsaw: Bellona, 2001. Maybe some US-based publisher could be interested into translating this work to do an English-language edition…
It wasn’t the only one gun manufactured by Poles in occupied Poland. We were producing few others guns – Blyskawica SMG, Choroszmanow SMG, Kis SMG or KOP-PAL SMG.
RE: the ability to “think outside the box” in Poland under penalty of death: it’s concepts such as this that give hope to America in the event of an ill-conceived treaty or border set-up used to control our own citizenry. The preacher, the baker, the HVAC maintainer all have skills and experiencs that can be put to use as our own liberties are threatened. “The tree of liberty must be watered by the blood of tyrants”, or words to that effect. Much rather avoided, but good to know there are sentient people everywhere.
Small correction . Henryk Strąpoć not was a blacksmith .
Throughout his life he was a farmer .
village blacksmith’s younger son
“młodszy syn wiejskiego kowala”.
Pnow
Imagine that with the trigger group in front of the magazine and the handgrip wrapped around the magazine, using the barrel/spring arrangement would shorten the stroke between rounds and a delaying mechanism (cam or roller) could be used to reduce rate of fire. It would look awfully like the MP9