Toggle actions are a relatively exotic locking system that are relatively common and well-known because the system was used in a pair of particularly successful early guns: the Luger and Maxim/Vickers. There have also been toggle-action shotguns, military rifles, sporting rifles, and submachine guns, but the system went out of favor by the 1930s (except in the mind of one Adolf Furrer).
Most toggle-action designs use the toggle as a locked breech system, unlocked by a secondary operating system (usually short recoil). However, toggle system can also be the basis for delayed blowback actions, as in the Pedersen rifle.
You shouldâve also included the Winchesters 1860 1866 and 1873 they also use the toggle link mechanism to lock the breach
A good point – I was only thinking about self-loaders.
I also forgot about the other post which is about the aircraft landing gear using toggle link, especially the WW2: C47 Dakotas (DC 3)
The finger lever, like the short recoil, causes the toggle to unlock. In the former, cycling occurs because of continuing force applied to the lever, in the latter because of inertia imparted during the short recoil cycle. The fundamentals are very similar. John Browning did add a gas operated system to activate a modified toggle locked rifle, converting it to automatic operation. The source of energy was changed.
Does this gun https://www.browning.com/news/articles/restoring-legendary-model-1873.html belong to toggle according to your classification?
A lot of aircraft use over-center locks on retractable landing gear. Basically, the retracting strut hinges in the middle to shorten, pulling wheels up.
When fully-extended, the retracting strut over-extends like a gun’s toggle lock, preventing it from folding while loaded (airplane weight). It is a simple weight-on-wheels safety mechanism.
Really appreciate your efforts in explaining these systems.
Good instructional video, Ian. But other than the Luger and the Maxim, I am unfamiliar with the other actions you illustrated but DID NOT NAME. What the heck are they? đ
Swiss Furrer SMG, unknown long arm, Schwarzlose 1901 prototype, and I did not recognize the sideways-toggle sporting rifle. Wish I recognized them all.
Toggle locks are a pretty common mechanism in industry for clamps and other related purposes. Anyone who had experience doing mechanical design or working in a machine shop or factory should be very familiar with the concept.
That of course doesn’t take away from the design cleverness of finding a way to apply this principle to a firearm, but it does show that it isn’t an obscure phenomenon.
I was just going to mention it.
It is a common concept, not attributable to firearms alone.
Auto loading via toggle action is a kind of delayed blowback type but there is a confusement about the terms of using âDelayedâ and âRetardedâ actions which seeming as neglected nowadaysâŠ
According to Chinn who used these terms at definite classifications in his books âMachinegunâ, âDelayed blowbackâ refers to the actions with recoiling barrel with angled locking surfaces which unlocking occurs not at once but through slow order, and âRetarded blowbackâ refers to the actions with fixed barrel via slow opening breechbolt⊠This means the commonly used term âDelayedâ nowadays should be as âRetardedâ ⊠According to Chinnâs classificationâŠ
It should be also noted that, in hand and shoulder smallarms, there is no âDelayed blowbackâ firearm at all as suiting in the Chinnâs classification⊠IMHO.
Wait what about Kniegelenkverschluss System Furrer https://modernfirearms.net/en/machineguns/switzerland-machineguns/wf-lmg-25-eng/
The specific aspect of the Furrer system, as compared to other short-recoil operated guns (toggle-locked and others), is that the bolt and barrel are mechanically linked for the entire cycle of the action, not just through its âlockedâ part.
Thanks for the link DaweoâŠAs understood from the schematics, this is a longer than short recoil toggle action gun with a movable third link swinging downwards to unlock the toggle engagement instead of the second which takes place at the middle and under the line connecting first and thirdâŠ
Toggle lock is the oldest fixing actions used through at every kind of devices and at firearms, its use goes even earlier than Volcanic and Winchester guns and it is also said, âBorchardtâ who had worked at âWinchesterâ in that era, derived his pistol from 1866 Model rifle as a recoil operated gun and possibly not thinking the âDelaying effectâ of ıts nature in his mindâŠ
Toggle lock used in âPedersen rifleâ is rather different in which, it uses staged two force spplication point as changing in sequence through getting primary recoil at along with the delay effect of linkageâŠ
What is the arm shown 1:26?
Please excuse my asking but is there a reason why you dont wear cotton gloves when you handle firearms especially antique ones.
Ian answered in a Q&A that it depends on the filming locations. Some places require gloves (cotton for some or latex for others) and others forbid them to avoid the risk of dropping the objects.
Schwarzlose 1901 Toggle-Delayed Prototype. I think…
“(…)There have also been toggle-action shotguns, military rifles, sporting rifles, and submachine guns, but the system went out of favor by the 1930s (except in the mind of one Adolf Furrer).”
By virtue of last work, also anti-tank gun https://guns.fandom.com/wiki/24_mm_Tankb%C3%BCchse_41 and anti-aircraft gun https://militaerfahrzeuge.ch/unterkategorie_26_34_342.html
Another toggle aircraft weapon (unrelated to Furrer)
http://landships.info/landships/artillery_articles.html?load=/landships/artillery_articles/Sockelflak.html
Good video buw you overlooked an important modern use of to toggle actions: Many straight pull .22lr rifles, especially many biathlon rifles, use manually operated toggle actions. While other .22lr straight pull actions became more successful since the 1980s they still remain relevant.
Do not confuse positive locking systems (like Luger, Maxim, Furrer) and delayed unlocking systems (like Schwarzlose or Pedersen)
These are completely different principles both in the unlocking method and in the automation engine.
“(…)out of favor by the 1930s (except in the mind of one Adolf Furrer).(…)”
There was another one – so-called Walther toggle action pistol see photos:
http://historypistols.ru/blog/pistolety-pod-unitarnyj-patron-avtomaticheskie/eksperimentalnyj-pistolet-valter-s-rychazhnym-mexanizmom-zapiraniya-walther-toggle-action-pistol/
Probably the earliest toggle-locking system used in firearms was the Merrill breech system. Ian covered a couple of its applications in previous videos;
Merrill-Jenks Navy carbine;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MdglHGMAAGA
Merrill conversion 1841 Mississippi rifle;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uQmiYR96kq8
One rather obscure example was the C.C. Barnes “machine gun” patent of 1856. It was actually a single-shot, quick-firing light cannon proposal similar to the 1860 Williams gun used by the Confederates in the CXivil war. While its breech was operated by a side crank like the Williams gun, instead of the rotating “cam” action of the Williams, the crank operated a toggle to lock the breech.
To judge by the patent drawing (see p. 97 of Small Arms of the World, 9th ed., 1969), unlike the Williams, the crank did not make a complete revolution; it was pulled up and back to open the breech and pushed down and forward to close and secure it. So in terms of how it was “worked”, it would be more like the Nordenfelt gun with its “push-pull” lever on the side.
cheers
eon